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History of improvements in cheesemaking techniques and quality

Cheesemaking is one of the oldest methods practiced by man for the preservation of a highly perishable and nutritional foodstuff, i.e., milk, into a product which is not likely to deteriorate. The exact origin of cheesemaking is difficult to establish but from archaeological evidence, cheese was produced around 6000-7000 B.C.

According to ancient legend, cheese was made accidently by an Arabian merchant who put his supply of milk into a pouch made from a sheep's stomach. As he set out on a journey across the desert, the rennet in the lining of the stomach, combined with the heat of the sun and caused the milk to separate into curd and whey. That night he found that the whey satisfied his thirst and the cheese (curd) had a delightful flavor which satisfied his hunger.

Homer wrote in 1184 B.C. about cheese which was manufactured from the milk of sheep and goats. In A.D. 50, Columella reported in detail the process of cheesemaking and pointed out that hygiene in milk production was essential during the production stages.

During the middle ages, from the decline of the Roman Empire to the discovery of America, cheese was made and improved by the monks in the monasteries of Europe. Cheese was found to have a better keeping quality compared to milk. This was due to a higher concentration of lactic acid which limited the growth of bacteria. Cheeses with longer shelf life were produced by preserving the concentrated curd in a salt solution (brine) which also improved its palatability.

Pilgrims included cheese in the ship supplies when they made their voyage to America on the Mayflower in 1620. Cheesemaking quickly spread in the new world, but until the 19th century it remained a local farm industry. It wasn't until 1851 that the first cheese factory in the United States was built in Rome, New York.

During the early twentieth century, new technologies were utilized which aided in the rapid increase of commercial cheese production. Production was boosted by the use of pasteurized milk, which destroyed harmful micro organisms; the introduction of bacterial cultures as starters; refrigerated ripening; and the development of a method to measure the acidity of cheese.

During the 1970's and 1980's, large cheese factories were constructed utilizing electronic process controls. In addition, production of useful whey products became commercially viable.

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